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History of Medicine

  • Overview
  • Register
  • Launch Course


Date & Location
Wednesday, January 22, 2025, 12:00 AM - Saturday, January 22, 2028, 12:00 PM

Overview

Course Directors: 

Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Richard Colgan, MD

This course traces 40 thousand years of medical history. Through it you will learn how we happen to know what we know in medicine, nursing, dentistry and other forms o healthcare, why we do what we do, and where we are likely to be in the future. It will show you why modern medical knowledge is neither universal nor timeless, but tied to particular cultural and temporal moments. During the course, the transience of medical truths emerges, whereby certain concepts come into being and attain the status of scientific facts, only to be unmade as facts, frequently with greater difficulty than they were made.  Click here to download the brochure


Objectives: 

At the end of this activity, learners will be able to:


1. Discuss the origin of medicine and the role men and women played in shaping the history of medical science

2. Describe the historical perspectives on the development of medical practices related to diagnosis, therapeutics, surgery, nursing dentistry, pharmacy, and psychiatry and lessons learned that are applicable to current clinical practice

3. Discuss how the science of medicine, nursing, dentistry and pharmacy has advanced in a non-linear fashion, largely by trial and error, from ancient times to present. 

 

 Disclosure 

None of the planners, speakers, and others in control of this content for this educational activity have relevant financial relationship(s) to disclose with ineligible companies whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing healthcare products used by or on patients.


Accreditation

The University of Maryland School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

The University of Maryland School of Medicine designates this Live activity for a maximum of 14.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits TM.  Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity


Credits
AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ (14.75 hours), Non-Physician Attendance (14.75 hours)
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History of Medicine Overview

History of Medicine Overview

Presenter: 
Philip A. Mackowiak,MD 
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence,
University of Maryland School of Medicine
 
 
This course traces 40 thousand years of medical history. Through it you will learn how we happen to know what we know in medicine, nursing, dentistry and other forms of healthcare, why we do what we do, and where we are likely to be in the future. It will show you why modern medical knowledge is neither universal nor timeless, but tied to particular cultural and temporal moments. During the course, the transience of medical truths emerges, whereby certain concepts come into being and attain the status of scientific facts, only to be unmade as facts, frequently with
greater difficulty than they were made.
 
Duration: 11 minutes 56 seconds

Resources 
HoM Syllabus (the case of medical history)
HoM Syllabus (only a subaltern)

Purchase
Andrew Wyeth, Christina Olson and the Art of Medicine

Andrew Wyeth, Christina Olson and the Art of Medicine

Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

The bulk of the training of physicians, nurses, dentists and other healthcare providers focuses on the science of the disciplines. This presentation considers an equally important aspect of clinical care, the art of caring for patients when medical science lacks the capacity to either comfort or cure.

 

Duration: 21 minutes 24 seconds

Resources
Andrew Wyeth Christina Olson and the Art of Medicine (Pharos PDF)


Purchase
Medicine from its Origins to Vesalius
 
Medicine from its Origins to Vesalius 

Presenter: 
Richard Colgan, MD
Professor and Vice Chair, 
Department of Family and Community Medicine, 
University of Maryland School of Medicine

Advice to the healer is offered by looking at lessons taught by those from its earliest recorded days to the time of Vesalius. This presentation looks to learn from the Buddha, Imhotep, the Greeks, as well as luminaries from Chinese Medicine and those who practiced from the dark to the Middle Ages. 
 


Duration: 38 minutes 22 seconds
Purchase
Medicine from Vesalius to Modern Day


Medicine from Vesalius to Modern Day 


Presenter: Richard Colgan,
MD
Professor and Vice Chair,
Department of Family and Community Medicine,
University of Maryland School of Medicine

 

We learn that Paracelsus, like other medical educators throughout history, such as Hippocrates, Osler and Nightingale  advocated for the skill of careful observation. The  contributions of Pare, Lister, Long and Fleming are highlighted amongst others as infectious diseases were shown to be responsible for countless deaths in the world. A look at the genetic basis of diseases is introduced while concluding with the present day problem of how do we address the fact that despite great advancements through the ages, too many people continue to suffer from health care disparities.


Duration: 45 minutes 4 seconds

Purchase
Diagnosing Disease

Diagnosing Disease: The Not So Radical Evolution of the Clinical Evaluation

Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD,
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholar-in-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine

Shocking as it may seem, little has changed, at least in the initial evaluation of patients, for more than 4,000 years. We know this, because the principles underlying today’s concept of a proper medical history and physical examination are clearly articulated in documents like the Ebbers papyrus of 1550 B.C.E. This podcast traces the glacial pace of ancillary diagnostic advances since that time.

Duration: 29 minutes 57 second

Purchase
Therapeutics: From Burr Holes to ICUs
 
Therapeutics: From Burr Holes to ICUs

Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD,
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence,
University of Maryland School of Medicine

 

Prior to the modern era, because clinicians lacked knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for human diseases, they had little to offer seriously ill patients other than crude attempts to assist the healing power of nature and compassionate attention. This presentation traces the long and tortuous path from the earliest treatments involving rituals, religious interventions, bleeding, cupping, moxibustion, etc. to the current mixed blessings of modern pharmaceuticals and advanced life support.


Duration: 26 minutes 20 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Health and spirituality)
HoM Syllabus (Spirituality and religious beliefs)
HoM Syllabus (Hx of Antipyretic tx)
Purchase
Surgery: Cutting for Cure
 
Surgery: Cutting for Cure
 
Presenter: 
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

Although surgery’s history is nearly as old as the human species, except for trephination and amputations, the practice as we know it today did not exist before the 19th century. This presentation considers the many advances outside of the operating room that enabled surgeons to perform today’s complicated procedures.


Duration: 36 minutes 42 seconds
Purchase
Pharmaceuticals: Both a Blessing and a Curse

 
Pharmaceuticals: Both a Blessing and a Curse
 
Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

Tremendous strides have been made in drug development since the gathering of a few roots and herbs by our ancestors in search of cures for what ails us. These strides, as you will see, have been a blessing as well as a curse.

Duration: 30 minutes 4 seconds

Resources
Death in the White House

 

Purchase
Nutrition: Historical Evidence Preserved in Art
Nutrition: Historical Evidence Preserved in Art
 
Presenter:
 Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine

 

Medical students receive shockingly little instruction in nutrition, much less the history of how we came to know what little we do about this important subject. Nursing students get a bit more, but not nearly enough. This presentation traces the history of concepts of nutrition through works of art devoted to the subject.


Duration: 31 minutes 11 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Hopkins - Feeding experiments)
HoM syllabus (James Lind)
How Cubans Health Improved When Their Economy Collapsed_ Sometimes financial crises can force lifestyle changes for the better.The Cuban Economy  La Economía
Purchase
Women in Medicine
 
Women in Medicine
 
Presenter: 
Preeti John, MD,
Adjunct Assistant Professor
of Surgery, University of
Maryland School of Medicine

The vast history of women in medicine is traced in this presentation through the lives, trials and legacies of female physicians, beginning in ancient times, and through the Middle Ages, to the present.

Duration: 37 minute 41 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (100 years of admitting women)
HoM syllabus (Evolution of women as physicians)
Purchase
Florence Nightingale and the History of Nursing
Florence Nightingale and the History of Nursing
 
Presenter: 
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
 Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
 University of Maryland School of Medicine 
 
Although Nightingale is credited with founding modern nursing, the discipline has a history likely as old as the human species. Nightingale’s achievements were made possible by those of forerunners such as Phoebe, Rufaidah, St. Francis, St. Vincent DePaul, and Elizabeth of Hungary.
 
Duration: 35 minutes 51 seconds

Resources
Letter to Nursing Students_ 28 May 1900  The Florence Nightingale Letters  UNC Libraries
The Great Army of the Sick (Journalism) - The Walt Whitman Archive
Santa Filomena by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow _ Daily Poetry


Purchase
Military Medicine

Military Medicine


Presenter: 
Edward McDevitt, MD
former Chief of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine,
United States Naval Academy

Throughout history, wars have acted as giant clinical trials in which medical theories and interventions have been tested, initially by trial and error, and in
the modern era by scientific methods. As discussed in this presentation, these investigations have produced advances in sanitary engineering, wound care, vaccine
development, trauma and emergency care, reconstructive surgery, and robotics that have benefitted the general public as much as the military.

Duration: 60 minutes 10 seconds

Resources
EMS Tactical Care and Evacuation Under Fire - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Purchase
Psychiatry

Psychiatry
 
Presenter: 
William T. Carpenter,MD
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Maryland School of Medicine
 
Psychiatry’s history is an exceedingly complex one, articulated in arcane terms, the meaning of which has changed over time and been distorted by misinterpretation, retrospective judgement and generalization. The discipline has been disparaged for lagging behind the rest of medicine in understanding its disorders and developing effective treatments. In psychiatry’s defense, it might be argued that the disorders of the rest of medicine are not nearly as complicated as those of mental health, because the brain is simultaneously the least accessible and most complex of organs.
 
Duration: 39 minutes 32 seconds

Resources
Joan of Arc
Purchase
Genetics: Gregor Mendel and the Brief History of Clinical Genetics

Genetics: Gregor Mendel and the Brief History of Clinical Genetics

Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
 Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence

 

University of Maryland School of Medicine The history of clinical genetics covers little more than 200 years. However, since the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in the 1950s, progress in the discipline has been no less than astonishing. The determination of the nucleic acid sequence of the human genome has enlarged substantially both our knowledge of the human condition and our capacity to improve it with increasingly effective treatments. But as noted in this presentation, we are not likely to ever fully understand everything there is to know about the individual or perfect the health of humans through gene editing.


Duration: 32 minutes 55 seconds

Resources
Experiments on Plant Hybrids by Gregor Mendel _ Genetics _ Oxford Academic
Hereditas - May 1956 - TJIO - THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF MAN
Purchase
Public Health

Public Health

Presenter: 
Daniel Morgan, MD,
Professor of Epidemiology & Public Health
 University of Maryland School of Medicine

Historically, attention to the provision of clean water, proper sanitation, and a healthy environment has had a greater impact on life expectancy, disability, and quality of life than medical care. This presentation explores health and the factors that impact life expectancy including environmental factors, infections, the advent of immunizations, and addiction.


Duration: 25 minutes 58 seconds
Purchase
Dentistry History of Dentistry: From Ancient Man to the mid-20th Century
History of Dentistry: From Ancient Man to the mid-20th Century

Presenter: 
Scott D. Swank, DDS,
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of Maryland School of Dentistry

Today we think of dentistry as a medical profession unto itself; utilizing highly sophisticated technology to maintain and rehabilitate the oral-maxillofacial complex. This presentation traces dentistry’s development from ancient times through the early 20th century. The interrelationship between dentistry, medicine and science will be emphasized in order to fully appreciate dentistry’s contributions to mankind.

Duration: 34 minutes 3 seconds
Purchase
“Plague” A History of Its Myriad Causes and Effects

“Plague” A History of Its Myriad Causes and Effects

Presenter:
 Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

Most people associate the term “plague” with the Black Death or bubonic plague, which ravaged Europe during the 14th century C.E. However, actually there have been legions of plagues (or pandemics) throughout history beginning with the 5th century B.C.E. Plague of Athens and culminating in our current COVID-19 pandemic. This presentation considers the causes and consequences of six of history’s most devastating plagues.

Duration: 29 minutes 19 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Politics and pandemics)
Purchase
Death and Dying
 
Death and Dying

Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

Henry Fielding, the 18th century author of Tom Jones, once said: “It’s not death but dying which is terrible.” Seems logical. However, not necessarily true, given the fact that although we know a great deal about dying, the same cannot be said about death. Nevertheless, one society after another has speculated endlessly as to what happens after one is dead. This presentation examines the nature and consequences of such speculation and the efforts to delay death as long as possible.
 
Duration: 19 minutes 50 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Eleanor Roosevelt)
KAREN ANN QUINLAN 31 DIES; FOCUS OF '76 RIGHT TO DIE CASE - The New York Times
Purchase
Forensic Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Presenter: 
Victor Weedn, MD
Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland

The first recorded forensic autopsy was performed by the physician Antistius on Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. Antistius determined that of the 23 stab wounds suffered by Caesar, only the second one in the breast was lethal. Although this report speaks to the ancient roots of forensic medicine, as discussed in this presentation, the discipline’s evolution has been so slow that, paradoxically, it can be considered a new specialty of medicine.

Duration: 25 minutes 25 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Poisoner's Handbook)

Purchase
Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and the Dark Side of Medical Science
Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and the Dark Side of Medical Science


Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 


Frankenstein is a social commentary, highly critical of society as well as the Church. However its principal theme concerns the prototypic scientist, his character, his motives, his sense of gratification and also the unanticipated consequences of his work. This presentation approaches Shelley’s story as a cautionary tale, which even today, speaks to the promise along with the peril of scientific advances.

Duration: 27 minutes 59 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Dark Side of medicine)
Purchase
Quackery

Quackery

Presenter: 
Robert Greenspan, MD
Nephrologist and owner of one the finest collections of medical artifacts in the country

 

Nephrologist and owner of one of the finest collections of medical artifacts in the country The term “quack,” derived from quacksalver, is an archaic Dutch term for a boisterous “hawker of salve.” This presentation illustrates the means by which such persons have hawked questionable diagnoses and treatments throughout history, especially for serious diseases against which traditional medicine has limited efficacy.

Duration: 21 minutes 43 seconds
Purchase
Mandating Morality: The History of [Bio] Medical Ethics
Mandating Morality: The History of [Bio] Medical Ethics

Presenter: 

Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 


Histories have to begin somewhere, though all too often, we don’t know precisely when or where. This is very much the case with medical (or biomedical) ethics. This presentation attempts to trace the evolution of the concept from documents produced by some to the earliest civilization to the present, suggesting that healthcare providers have always been motivated by basic moral principles similar to our own.

Duration: 23 minutes 19 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (modern hippocratic oath)
Hippocrates Charaka and the Oath of Medical Ethics
40 Years of Human Experimentation in America_ The Tuskegee Study _ Office for Science and Society - McGill University
Purchase
Medical Instruments and Devices

Medical Instruments and Devices

Presenter: 
Ryan Katz, MD,
FACS, Plastic Surgeon, Hand Surgeon and Core Faculty
Curtis National Hand Center in Baltimore

Bioengineering has replaced trial-anderror in developing today’s instruments and devices. Nevertheless, as discussed in this presentation, history shows that
we owe much, in many cases more than we realize, to our predecessors for the
marvelous instruments and devices we have at our disposal today.

Duration: 20 minutes 25 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Lincoln CPC)
Purchase
Carl Wunderlich, 98.6oF and the History of Monitoring Body Temperature

Carl Wunderlich, 98.6oF and the History of Monitoring Body Temperature
 
Presenter:
Philip A. Mackowiak, MD
Carolyn Frenkil and Selvin Passen History of Medicine Scholarin-Residence
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

 

For over 150 years, the thermometer has been used clinically to ferret out true disease from the many aches and minor perturbations of otherwise healthy existence. Even so, few but the most knowledgeable medical historians could identify the origin of the thermometer or its clinical use. This presentation explores these and many other questions related to the definition of fever, and the origin and the tenacity of the notion that 98.6oF (37oC) is the normal temperature.
 
Duration: 31 minutes 46 seconds

Resources
HoM Syllabus (Wunderlich and the History of Clinical Thermometry)
Bad Medicine, Part 1: The Story of 98.6 - Freakonomics

 

Purchase
Medical Eponyms

Medical Eponyms


Presenter:
Robert P. Ferguson
Professor
Department of Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine 

The naming of diseases, procedures and instruments after certain persons has been a long tradition in medicine. Although the use of such eponyms has recently been discouraged, many appear to be here to stay. This presentation reviews the origins of several prominent eponyms and the
controversies surrounding the persons honored by them.


Duration: 18 minutes 48 seconds

 

 


 

Purchase
Formalizing Medical Education in America and Maryland’s Role in its Development
 
Formalizing Medical Education in America and Maryland’s Role in its Development
 
Presenter: 
Larry Pitrof, Executive
Director, Medical Alumni Association of the University of Maryland
 
In order to regulate the practice of medicine in the United States it became apparent that medical education needed to be standardized. This presentation traces the struggles of the University of Maryland—America’s fifth oldest medical school—as it grappled with its reputation as a proprietary medical school and navigated reform, primarily after release of the Flexner Report in 1910.
 
Duration: 28 minutes 21 seconds
Purchase
Sickness and Medicine at the Royal European Courts

Sickness and Medicine at the Royal European Courts
 
Presenter: 
Eleanor Herman
New York Times bestselling author
 
In this presentation, we learn the extremes to which the royal families of renaissance Europe went in trying to protect themselves from being poisoned, while unknowingly poisoning themselves daily with their cosmetics, medications and filthy living conditions.
 
Duration: 42 minutes 47 seconds
Purchase

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